Gauss Labs
A Division of Daboo Designs LLC
PEMF Device & Accessory Analysis
Report Status: Final
Purpose
This is the independent analysis of the Magnetic Pulser paired with the Paddle. The numbers come from direct measurements taken on calibrated lab instruments. What follows is what the pairing actually produces in a controlled environment, not what the data sheet claims.
Gauss Labs certifies the Magnetic Pulser. Its measured performance meets the Gauss Labs standard, verified directly from the system with laboratory-grade instruments. The number on the badge can be checked at any time in the public certification registry.
Gauss Labs certifies the Paddle. Its measured performance meets the Gauss Labs standard, verified directly from the system with laboratory-grade instruments. The number on the badge can be checked at any time in the public certification registry.
This device/accessory was purchased by Gauss Labs for internal testing and use.
Executive Summary
The Magnetic Pulser paired with the Paddle accessory was tested at each of its 2 settings, each producing a sawtooth wave. The four cards below show the most important metrics: slew rate, peak field strength, effective field diameter, and operating frequency. Secondary metrics and detail for each device setting follow in the rest of the report.
Slew Rate
Slew rate is how fast the field changes during each pulse, measured in Gauss per microsecond (G/µs). Think of it like a hose: a sudden burst of water hits harder than a slow steady stream, even at the same pressure. What reaches tissue tracks how quickly the field changes, more than how strong it gets, so slew rate is the primary driver of the induced stimulus. It is also the property safety guidelines watch most closely. The ICNIRP guidelines set exposure limits based on how fast a field changes, since a fast enough change is what begins to stimulate nerves. Those limits are described in Tesla per second, where 1 G/µs equals 100 T/s. They come from medical imaging and workplace exposure, so they are a useful reference point here, not a pass-or-fail mark for a wellness device. The legend below lists every setting; #1 marks the fastest.
Peak Field Strength
Peak field strength is how strong the magnetic field gets at its highest point, measured in Gauss (G). Think of it like the volume on a stereo: turning it up makes the music louder and the beat hits harder. Higher peaks carry more energy per pulse and keep the field above a usable level farther from the surface. At these low frequencies the body barely absorbs the field, so a stronger peak means greater reach, not deeper penetration. Each bar shows one setting; the tallest is the strongest.
Effective Field Diameter
Effective Field Diameter is how wide the useful field is, the span where the field stays above 10% of its peak strength. It shows how much of the target area a single placement covers. The filled circle is the effective field; the dashed ring is the accessory housing, and the field often reaches past it, so a larger diameter means a wider working area from the same coil. The field also reaches 8.0 cm from the surface before fading to the 5 Gauss edge or beyond the deepest measured plane; the Penetration Depth section maps this in full.
Operating Frequency
Operating frequency is how many pulses the device fires each second, measured in Hertz (Hz). The band names here (Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma) come from EEG naming and mark where each setting's frequency falls. They label the pulse rate, they do not promise a specific effect in the body. Each dot is one setting, placed in its band.
The Magnetic Pulser paired with the Paddle was tested across multiple settings, using calibrated lab instruments instead of manufacturer-provided figures. The pairing matters: the same accessory on different devices, or different accessories on the same device, can produce measurably different results.
- Slew rate, the speed at which the field changes during each pulse, peaks at 11.8 G/µs. This is the measurement that most directly drives the induced stimulus in tissue.
- Peak field strength ranges from 2.63 kG at the lowest setting to 7.12 kG at the highest. Gauss Labs groups this device in the higher-intensity range, which the lab sets at peaks above about 1,000 Gauss. Stronger peaks carry the field farther from the surface, giving clinicians reach and intensity options to match different session goals.
- Total stimulation intensity, the cumulative biological effect delivered each second, peaks at 5.3 G/µs·Hz at the strongest setting. Higher values mean shorter sessions to achieve the same total effect.
- Operating frequency spans 0.3 Hz to 1.1 Hz across the Delta band. A wide frequency range gives clinicians and users more settings to choose from on a single device.
Certification
The Magnetic Pulser paired with Paddle is certified by Gauss Labs. The certification confirms that the measured performance meets the Gauss Labs standard, verified directly from the system with laboratory-grade instruments.
Functional pulse edge: Pass
The pulse has a real, functional rising edge, the basic requirement for any PEMF device.
Deliberate frequency: Pass
The device runs at a deliberate therapeutic frequency, clear of power-line interference.
Recognized band: Pass
The operating frequency sits within a recognized therapeutic band.
Peak field strength: Pass
The accessory delivers a therapeutic field strength to the body.
Clean waveform: Pass
The device produces a clean, well-formed pulse.
Measured versus documented: Not evaluated
This point was not evaluated; the test did not include the measurements it needs.
Field symmetry: Pass
The field reaches the body evenly in every direction around the accessory.
Each certified device and accessory carries its own number on the certificate. A certification can be verified at any time through the Gauss Labs certification registry. These certifications can be viewed and shared at https://gausslabs.tech/client-certifications/sota-instruments-inc/.
Field Coverage & Timing
The four cards below characterize the field shape and reach for the pairing as a whole. Together they describe how much total energy the accessory delivers, how concentrated the field is, how much cumulative stimulus each setting delivers, and how evenly the field distributes across the scan axes.
Total Effective Flux
Total effective flux is the total magnetic energy delivered to the body during a single pulse, measured in milliweber (mWb). Think of water flow through a shower head versus a faucet: a shower fans the flow across a wide area; a faucet delivers it as a focused stream. Higher flux means stronger field, larger area, or both, which translates to greater coverage.
Concentration Score
Concentration score is how tightly the field focuses on the target area, measured as a percentage of total field energy that lands inside the high-intensity zone. Think of it like a spotlight: a tight beam concentrates more energy in a small area; a wide beam spreads it out. Higher concentration delivers more energy to the target area; lower values give broader, gentler coverage.
Total Stimulation Intensity
Total Stimulation Intensity combines two things into a single number: how fast the field changes (its slew rate) and how often it pulses (its frequency), measured in Gauss per microsecond per Hz (G/µs·Hz). Think of it like exercise, where harder effort done more often adds up to more total work. It captures the cumulative stimulus a setting delivers, so it favors settings that are both fast and frequent, not strong on just one. For each setting the two stacked bars show those two ingredients, and the line traces the combined result; #1 in the legend marks the strongest.
Field Symmetry
Field symmetry is how evenly the field reaches the body in every direction around the coil, measured as a percentage. Think of it like a balanced toy top: a balanced top spins smoothly on its axis; an unbalanced one wobbles. Higher symmetry means the field strength stays consistent in every direction; lower symmetry favors certain sides.
Together these four metrics describe the field the accessory produces at its surface. Each one measures a different property of that field: total energy, focus, cumulative stimulus, and evenness across the scan axes.
- Total effective flux, the total magnetic energy delivered to the body per pulse, measures 0.911 mWb at the strongest setting. Higher flux means stronger field, larger area, or both.
- Concentration score measures 77.2%. Higher concentration delivers more energy to the target area; lower values give broader, gentler coverage.
- Total stimulation intensity measures 5.3 G/µs·Hz at the strongest setting. It combines how fast the field changes with how often it pulses, so it rewards settings that are both fast and frequent.
- Field symmetry measures 95.9%. Higher symmetry means the field strength on the four measured radial axes is nearly identical at every distance from center.
Field Strength Comparison overlays each setting's field strength as it falls off from the center of the accessory. Rise/Fall Time shows how long each pulse takes to turn on and how long it takes to turn off.
Field Strength Comparison
The Field Strength Comparison shows each setting's field strength from the center, horizontally measured moving outward. The chart's peaks represent the measurements taken from the points with the highest gauss readings.
Rise / Fall Time
Rise time is how quickly the field turns on. Fall time is how quickly it turns off. Both are measured in microseconds. Each pulse stimulates the body twice, once on the rise and once on the fall. How strongly each edge stimulates depends on its slew rate, the speed at which the field changes. A wide gap between rise and fall times means the rising and falling slew rates differ. The shorter edge has the higher slew rate.
Together these two views show the device's field strength and pulse timing for each setting tested.
- Field Strength Comparison overlays each setting's field profile along the surface. Peaks range from 2.63 kG to 7.12 kG. The overlay shows the Gauss output measured horizontally outward along the accessory.
- Rise / Fall Time shows rise times from 460 µs to 480 µs and fall times from 3540 µs to 3700 µs. How strongly each edge stimulates depends on its slew rate, the speed at which the field changes. A noticeable gap between rise and fall times means the rising and falling slew rates differ; the shorter edge has the higher slew rate.
Per-Setting Metrics
This section looks at each device setting on its own. Every setting gets its own charts and a table of measured values, the detail behind the summary metrics earlier in the report.
Setting 1
Waveform
This pulse is a sawtooth wave: the field rises gradually, then falls abruptly. The fast edge does most of the work in the tissue.
Penetration Depth
The chart shows the volume of space the field reaches above the accessory surface. The outer shell marks where the field drops to 10% of its peak, the practical edge of the field's reach. The inner shell marks the 50% of peak boundary, where the field is strongest near the accessory. The same scale anchors every setting's chart to the strongest setting, so a weaker setting's volume reads visibly smaller in both depth and width. Distance is measured in open air above the accessory. At these low frequencies the body barely absorbs the field, so the same reach carries into tissue rather than stopping at the surface.
Field Heatmap (surface)
Top-down view of the field strength across the accessory surface. Warm colors represent higher Gauss; cool colors represent lower Gauss. The color scale spans this setting's own peak, so the spatial pattern reads clearly even on weaker settings.
| Waveform | Sawtooth |
| Frequency | 0.3 Hz |
| Peak Field Strength | 7.12 kG |
| Rise Time | 480 µs |
| Fall Time | 3.7 ms |
| Pulse Width | 1.84 ms |
| Duty Cycle | 0.06% |
| Slew Rate | 11.753 G/µs (1,175 T/s) |
| Total Stimulation Intensity | 3.99 G/µs·Hz |
| Penetration Depth | greater than 24 cm (9.4 in), modeled past 8 cm |
Setting 2
Waveform
This pulse is a sawtooth wave: the field rises gradually, then falls abruptly. The fast edge does most of the work in the tissue.
Penetration Depth
The chart shows the volume of space the field reaches above the accessory surface. The outer shell marks where the field drops to 10% of its peak, the practical edge of the field's reach. The inner shell marks the 50% of peak boundary, where the field is strongest near the accessory. The same scale anchors every setting's chart to the strongest setting, so a weaker setting's volume reads visibly smaller in both depth and width. Distance is measured in open air above the accessory. At these low frequencies the body barely absorbs the field, so the same reach carries into tissue rather than stopping at the surface.
Field Heatmap (surface)
Top-down view of the field strength across the accessory surface. Warm colors represent higher Gauss; cool colors represent lower Gauss. The color scale spans this setting's own peak, so the spatial pattern reads clearly even on weaker settings.
| Waveform | Sawtooth |
| Frequency | 1.09 Hz |
| Peak Field Strength | 2.63 kG |
| Rise Time | 460 µs |
| Fall Time | 3.54 ms |
| Pulse Width | 1.78 ms |
| Duty Cycle | 0.19% |
| Slew Rate | 4.318 G/µs (432 T/s) |
| Total Stimulation Intensity | 5.34 G/µs·Hz |
| Penetration Depth | greater than 24 cm (9.4 in), modeled past 8 cm |
Test Setup & Methodology
The test engineer measured each setting on calibrated laboratory instruments, recording the field strength, the waveform, and the supporting electrical readings. Conditions stayed consistent from one setting to the next, so the numbers compare cleanly across the report.
Scan Grid
The diagram shows the accessory outline and the points along each axis where the test engineer placed the probe. The colored lines mark the four scan axes; the dots along each line are the probe positions.
Device/Accessory Information
| Device Under Test | Magnetic Pulser |
|---|---|
| Applicator / Accessory | Paddle |
| Settings Tested | 2 settings |
| Frequency Range | 0 Hz to 1 Hz |
| Waveform Types | Sawtooth Wave |
Equipment
| Gauss Meter | FW Bell 5180 |
|---|---|
| Gauss Meter Probe | FW Bell Axial |
| Oscilloscope | Rigol DHO814 |
| LCR Meter | FNIRSI LC1020E |
Gauss Meter Probe: Gauss Meter Probe
LCR Meter: LCR Meter
Test Parameters
| Accessory Shape | Disc (Round) |
|---|---|
| Diameter | 7.5 cm |
| Measured Axes | X-, X+, Y-, Y+, Z+ |
| Scan Lines | 5 |
| Points per Scan Line | 6 |
| Total Scan Points | 63 |
| Max Distance from Center | 6 cm |
| Z-Axis Layers | 0 cm (Surface), 4 cm, 8 cm |
| Point Spacing | 1 cm |
Manufacturing Tolerance
A measured value won't always match the documented specification to the decimal, and that's expected. No two units come off a line exactly alike. Small differences in the parts, and in the wall power feeding the device, add up. In most cases they produce a 10% to 20% difference from that figure, and up to 30% in some. A reading in that range is normal.
The numbers in this report come from the specific unit and accessory the test engineer measured, under the conditions documented above. Another unit of the same model should land in a similar range, not with the exact same measurements.
Measurement Data
Per-setting measurement detail follows. Each setting is presented with the readings sheet data and the spatial scan grid grouped by z-plane.
Setting 1: Setting 1
Axes: rows below organise the four horizontal scan axes (x-, x+, y-, y+) plus the Center reading; depth planes follow as z-plane subsections beneath each axis block.
| Frequency (Hz) | 0.30 Hz |
| Peak Field Strength | 7.12 kG |
z = 0 cm
| Distance (cm) | x-axis - (G) | x-axis + (G) | y-axis - (G) | y-axis + (G) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Center | 7.11 kG | 7.11 kG | 7.11 kG | 7.11 kG |
| 1 cm | 6.58 kG | 6.31 kG | 6.09 kG | 6 kG |
| 2 cm | 3.71 kG | 3.28 kG | 3.12 kG | 2.95 kG |
| 3 cm | 220 G | 280 G | 240 G | 130 G |
| 4 cm | 640 G | 430 G | 420 G | 460 G |
| 6 cm | 230 G | 190 G | 210 G | 190 G |
z = 4 cm
| Distance (cm) | x-axis - (G) | x-axis + (G) | y-axis - (G) | y-axis + (G) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Center | 2.6 kG | 2.6 kG | 2.6 kG | 2.6 kG |
| 1 cm | 2.23 kG | 2.36 kG | 2.32 kG | 2.24 kG |
| 2 cm | 1.36 kG | 1.46 kG | 1.5 kG | 1.3 kG |
| 3 cm | 549 G | 682 G | 611 G | 496 G |
| 4 cm | 30.00 G | 187 G | 138 G | 41.00 G |
| 6 cm | 107 G | 50.00 G | 73.00 G | 80.00 G |
z = 8 cm
| Distance (cm) | x-axis - (G) | x-axis + (G) | y-axis - (G) | y-axis + (G) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Center | 464 G | 464 G | 464 G | 464 G |
| 1 cm | 446 G | 441 G | 437 G | 424 G |
| 2 cm | 369 G | 352 G | 379 G | 344 G |
| 3 cm | 265 G | 246 G | 278 G | 243 G |
| 4 cm | 160 G | 160 G | 165 G | 147 G |
| 6 cm | 34.00 G | 33.00 G | 57.00 G | 37.00 G |
Setting 2: Setting 2
Axes: rows below organise the four horizontal scan axes (x-, x+, y-, y+) plus the Center reading; depth planes follow as z-plane subsections beneath each axis block.
| Frequency (Hz) | 1.09 Hz |
| Peak Field Strength | 2.63 kG |
z = 0 cm
| Distance (cm) | x-axis - (G) | x-axis + (G) | y-axis - (G) | y-axis + (G) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Center | 2.63 kG | 2.63 kG | 2.63 kG | 2.63 kG |
| 1 cm | 2.3 kG | 2.36 kG | 2.38 kG | 2.25 kG |
| 2 cm | 1.14 kG | 1.23 kG | 1.27 kG | 1.11 kG |
| 3 cm | 40.00 G | 60.00 G | 80.00 G | 70.00 G |
| 4 cm | 160 G | 220 G | 230 G | 150 G |
| 6 cm | 60.00 G | 70.00 G | 70.00 G | 50.00 G |
z = 4 cm
| Distance (cm) | x-axis - (G) | x-axis + (G) | y-axis - (G) | y-axis + (G) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Center | 974 G | 974 G | 974 G | 974 G |
| 1 cm | 877 G | 852 G | 901 G | 809 G |
| 2 cm | 550 G | 528 G | 592 G | 468 G |
| 3 cm | 220 G | 222 G | 252 G | 200 G |
| 4 cm | 19.00 G | 49.00 G | 60.00 G | 28.00 G |
| 6 cm | 27.00 G | 18.00 G | 17.00 G | 24.00 G |
z = 8 cm
| Distance (cm) | x-axis - (G) | x-axis + (G) | y-axis - (G) | y-axis + (G) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Center | 169 G | 169 G | 169 G | 169 G |
| 1 cm | 162 G | 159 G | 163 G | 154 G |
| 2 cm | 128 G | 125 G | 140 G | 114 G |
| 3 cm | 91.00 G | 87.00 G | 100 G | 79.00 G |
| 4 cm | 56.00 G | 58.00 G | 63.00 G | 50.00 G |
| 6 cm | 11.00 G | 11.00 G | 16.00 G | 9.00 G |
References
Primary sources behind the measurements and methods in this report.
- Barker AT. An introduction to the basic principles of magnetic nerve stimulation. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1991;8(1):26-37.
- Bassett CAL, Pawluk RJ, Pilla AA. Augmentation of Bone Repair by Inductively Coupled Electromagnetic Fields. Science. 1974;184(4136):575-577.
- Dennis RG. Inductively Coupled Electrical Stimulation - Part 2: Optimization of Parameters for Orthopedic Injuries and Pain. Journal of Science and Medicine. 2020;1(2):27. (Single small-animal study; the bone slew-rate floor traces to this source.)
- Goodwin TJ. Physiological and Molecular Genetic Effects of Time-Varying Electromagnetic Fields on Human Neuronal Cells. NASA Technical Publication NASA/TP-2003-212054. NASA Johnson Space Center; 2003.
- Hallett M. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Primer. Neuron. 2007;55(2):187-199.
- High slew rate pulsed electromagnetic field enhances bone consolidation and shortens daily treatment duration in distraction osteogenesis. Bone & Joint Research. 2021.
- ICNIRP. Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz to 100 kHz). Health Physics. 2010;99(6):818-836.
- Jerman I, Skafar M, Pihir J, Senica M. Evaluating PEMF vagus nerve stimulation through neck application: A randomized placebo study with volunteers. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2025;44(2):173-186. (Frequency-dependence context; a clinical-outcome study, cited only for the frequency comparison, not for efficacy.)
- Mansourian M, Shanei A. Evaluation of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Effects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Highlights of Two Decades of Research In Vitro Studies. BioMed Research International. 2021;2021:6647497.
- Peripheral-nerve and cardiac stimulation thresholds (rheobase basis), as summarized in the induced-field safety literature.
- Standard EEG frequency-band nomenclature (Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma ranges).
- Wagner T, Valero-Cabre A, Pascual-Leone A. Noninvasive Human Brain Stimulation. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2007;9:527-565.
- IEC 60601-1:2005+AMD1:2012+AMD2:2020 (Ed. 3.2), Clause 11: Protection against excessive temperatures and other hazards.
- IEC 60601-2-33. Medical electrical equipment - Part 2-33: Particular requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of magnetic resonance equipment for medical diagnosis (gradient dB/dt limits).
- On-axis field of a circular current loop (Biot-Savart law); any introductory electromagnetics text.
- SI unit definitions.
- Standard flux integration over area; any introductory electromagnetics text.
- Standard resistor-inductor (RL) circuit result; any introductory electromagnetics or circuits text.
The full measurement methods and references, including the physics and measurement conventions behind these results, are published at https://gausslabs.tech/references/.
Key Terms
Defined terms used elsewhere in this report.
50% Falloff Distance
The distance from center where the average field strength drops to 50% of its peak value. This boundary defines the edge of the Therapeutic Core zone. A shorter 50% falloff distance indicates a more tightly focused field. A longer distance indicates broader coverage.
Accessory
The applicator component that delivers the electromagnetic field to the body. Some manufacturers call it an attachment. It contains one or more coils or loops, wound conductors that generate a pulsed magnetic field when driven by the control unit. Accessories come in various form factors including pads, rings, wraps, and wands. Each is designed for different anatomical targets. The coil geometry inside the accessory (pancake, donut, loop, stacked) determines the shape, depth, and distribution of the resulting magnetic field.
Accessory Thickness
The physical thickness of the accessory housing in centimeters. It's used to position the probe at a consistent height above the device. For disc accessories, this is the depth from the top surface to the bottom. For loop accessories, it's the cross-section diameter of the tubing that encloses the coil. The thickness sets where the measurement surface sits and anchors the height axis of the 3D Field Volume chart and the standoff convention. Disc reports use the full thickness as the probe offset because the probe rests on the disc top. Loop reports use half the thickness because the probe sits at the tube centerline inside the tubing.
Coil Count
The number of individual coils inside a multi-coil accessory such as a mat or pad. Knowing the count tells you how the device distributes its field across the target area: a 4-coil mat covers a wider zone but each coil contributes a smaller share of the total drive than a single-coil disc would. Each coil's peak location is identified from the field measurements and reported individually, so you can compare output and positioning across all coils in the accessory.
Coil Inductance (L)
The coil's resistance to changes in current flow. It directly determines how fast the magnetic field can rise when power is applied. Higher inductance means slower field buildup but potentially stronger peak field. Measured in Henries (H) or millihenries (mH). Inductance increases with more turns and with ferrite or iron core materials. Combined with resistance, it sets the L/R time constant.
Coil Layout
The arrangement of coils within a multi-coil mat, determined from the measured field pattern. Each coil creates a distinct peak in the field. The positions of those peaks reveal where the coils sit inside the mat. The layout is described as a grid (for example, 3x2 at 100mm pitch) when coils are evenly spaced, or as irregular when they're not. Each coil's position is reported as an offset from the mat center.
Coil Resistance (R)
The electrical resistance of the coil wire. It determines how much heat the coil produces during operation and how much voltage the device needs to reach peak current. Lower resistance means less wasted heat and more efficient energy delivery to the magnetic field. Measured in Ohms (Ω). Resistance decreases with thicker wire (lower AWG number) and increases with temperature.
Coil Type
A classification of the electromagnetic coil inside the accessory based on its measured field distribution. A Pancake Coil produces a center-dominant field with peak strength at the center and rapid falloff outward. A Donut Coil produces a ring-dominant field with peak strength in a ring around the center and a weaker center. A Loop Coil concentrates energy along the wire path. Coil type is detected automatically from the scan data by comparing ring zone field strength to center field strength. For multi-coil mats (rect shape), single-coil-type detection doesn't apply. Instead the report uses Coil Count, Coil Layout, and Coverage Uniformity to describe the mat's collective behavior.
Concentration Score
A percentage measuring how much of the total measured field intensity at the accessory surface is concentrated within the therapeutic core (scan points where Gauss is at or above 50% of peak). It's calculated as the sum of Gauss values at core points divided by the total sum of all measured Gauss values within the coil boundary. This is a surface concentration metric. It measures lateral field distribution across the face of the accessory, not depth penetration. A high score (70%+) indicates the field is tightly focused in a narrow zone, typical of tight pancake coils. Donut and ring coils vary widely (40–70%) depending on how broad the ring zone is. Loop coils vary by turn count and diameter. The formula is geometry-independent, so the same calculation applies to all coil types. Compare scores within the same coil type for meaningful benchmarks.
Coverage Area
The portion of a multi-coil mat surface where the magnetic field exceeds a defined fraction of the peak. Reported in cm² and as a percentage of total mat surface at two thresholds: 50% of peak (the therapeutic core area) and 10% of peak (the practical edge of useful field). Coverage tells you how much of the mat actually delivers meaningful intensity rather than fading between coils.
Coverage Uniformity
How consistent the per-coil peak field is across a multi-coil mat. Reported as the coefficient of variation (CV = standard deviation divided by mean) of detected coil peaks, expressed as a percent. Lower CV means tighter coil-to-coil consistency. Under 5% is tight uniformity (well-matched coils, consistent drive). 5–15% is moderate. Over 15% is a wide spread that may indicate construction variance or measurement positioning issues. The metric excludes the surface (z=0) center field and uses each coil's local peak as the comparison anchor.
Cross-Section
A view of the magnetic field as if the accessory were sliced vertically down the middle and viewed from the side. The cross-section diagram in our reports shows how field strength varies both horizontally across the surface and vertically as the field rises away from the accessory. Color indicates field strength and field lines show direction and relative intensity.
Donut Coil
A flat coil wound in a ring shape with an open hole through the center. It's fully encased within its housing, so the field is measured along the surface face only. The enclosed design means the field is delivered through the top or bottom face rather than through the center hole. This produces a broader, more even field distribution with stronger output near the outer ring of windings. A donut coil is identified by a peak that sits off-center on a ring (at least 20% of the way out along the scan) and a Ring/Center Ratio of at least 1.15. It carries fewer total windings than a solid pancake of the same diameter, so its peak Gauss at the face is lower and it draws more drive current to reach a given depth. That is the tradeoff for its wider, more even coverage, which suits broad target areas rather than a single focal point.
Duty Cycle (%)
What fraction of each pulse cycle the magnetic field is actually on versus off. For example, a 50% duty cycle means the field is on for half the time and off for half the time. Higher duty cycles deliver more total energy but generate more heat. Expressed as a percentage of the total cycle time.
Effective Field Area
The region of the accessory surface where the magnetic field is strong enough to be useful. It's defined as the area where field strength is at or above 10% of peak. Tissue within this area receives meaningful stimulation. Tissue outside it receives negligible field. The boundary of this area defines the Effective Field Diameter.
Effective Field Diameter
The total width of the area covered by meaningful magnetic field output. Tissue outside this diameter receives very weak field (less than 10% of peak). This tells you how large the target zone is. It's calculated as twice the distance from center where the field drops to 10% of its peak strength. Coil diameter and geometry primarily determine this value. Drive voltage doesn't significantly change it.
Effective Field Radius
The distance from center at which the magnetic field drops to 10% of its peak value. This defines how far from center the field is still meaningful. It's half of the Effective Field Diameter. Tissue beyond this radius receives less than 10% of peak intensity. Primarily determined by coil diameter and geometry, not drive voltage or pulse parameters.
Field Isosurface
A 3D boundary surface that traces every point in space where the magnetic field reaches a chosen strength. The 3D field view stacks several of these surfaces inside one another, each one marking where the field stays at or above a set fraction of the surface peak, with a 5 Gauss shell as the practical outer edge. The outer shells are the largest and show how far the field reaches. The inner shells are smaller and show where the field is strongest, close to the coil. Technically, an isosurface is the set of points where the field magnitude equals the threshold value, and for a rotationally symmetric coil it is the matching side-view line revolved a full turn around the coil's axis.
Field Symmetry
How evenly the magnetic field is distributed across all four measurement axes (x-, x+, y-, y+). A high symmetry score means the field strength is nearly identical in all directions from center. That indicates the coil produces a uniform, balanced output. A low score reveals directional bias where some axes are significantly stronger or weaker than others. The score is calculated by comparing each individual axis reading to the mean of all 4 axes at each distance, weighted by field strength (stronger readings count more). It uses a 15% floor (ignoring weak-field areas below 15% of peak) and a 15% deviation cap. Requires all 4 axes. Score = 100 minus weighted average deviation percentage.
Field Volume
The three-dimensional region around the accessory where the magnetic field strength exceeds a chosen threshold. It's visualized as a dome-shaped solid revolved around the coil's central axis. The report's 3D Field Volume chart per setting shows this dome with the accessory's outer diameter (and loop inner diameter, when applicable) drawn as reference rings on the base. This lets you compare the field's reach directly to the physical coil footprint. The dome's height shows how deep the field penetrates. Its width shows how far it spreads laterally. For loop coils, the on-axis field at the central axis drops below threshold before the field at the winding ring does. This creates a crater in the dome's top, reflecting the donut shape of the field.
Frequency (Hz)
The number of electromagnetic pulses a device delivers each second, measured in Hertz (Hz). Frequency is independent of field strength: a high-frequency signal can still have a low Gauss output, and the reverse. It is one of the main variables that describes how a device operates. PEMF frequencies are often grouped into named ranges borrowed from EEG convention, Delta (0.5 to 4 Hz), Theta (4 to 8 Hz), Alpha (8 to 12 Hz), Beta (12 to 30 Hz), and Gamma (above 30 Hz), which show where a setting's pulse rate falls. Those names label the pulse rate only and do not by themselves indicate a specific effect in the body.
Gauss (G)
The unit of measurement for magnetic flux density. Higher gauss values indicate a stronger magnetic field at that point. kG = kilogauss = 1,000 gauss. 1 Tesla = 10,000 Gauss. See Tesla (T).
Gauss Meter
A calibrated instrument used to measure magnetic flux density in Gauss or Tesla. In PEMF accessory testing, the Gauss meter is the primary measurement device used to capture field strength at each scan point. Measurements are taken using a Hall effect probe positioned at the specified standoff distance from the coil face. The meter model and probe type are documented in the report for traceability.
Gauss Meter Probe
The sensing element of a Gauss meter, typically a Hall effect transducer mounted on a flat or axial probe tip. The probe is positioned at the measurement standoff distance from the coil face to capture the magnetic flux density at each scan point. Probe type (axial vs transverse), size, and positioning affect measurement accuracy. The probe model is documented in the report for traceability.
Heatmap
A color-coded chart where each color represents a field strength value across the surface of the accessory. Warmer colors (red/orange) indicate higher gauss output. Cooler colors (blue/green) indicate lower field strength. The heatmap provides an immediate visual overview of where the field is strongest and how it's distributed.
Kilogauss (kG)
A unit of magnetic flux density equal to 1,000 Gauss (G). Used when field strength values are high enough that expressing them in Gauss would be unwieldy. In our reports, peak field strength is displayed in kG when it exceeds 1,000 G.
LCR Meter
A test instrument used to measure the electrical properties of a coil, specifically its inductance (L), capacitance (C), and resistance (R). These measurements are needed to calculate the L/R time constant, predict pulse behavior, and verify coil quality. The meter model is documented in the report for traceability.
Loop Coil
An open electromagnetic coil designed to be placed around a limb or curved around a body part. The magnetic field passes through from all sides simultaneously. Unlike the enclosed donut coil, a loop is open. Limbs can be passed through it for surrounding coverage of arms, legs, or joints. The field profile is similar to a donut coil with peak strength in the ring zone. The open geometry allows flexible placement. Measurements are taken at 50% of the tubing thickness from the surface.
Microsecond (µs)
A microsecond is one millionth of a second. PEMF pulse timing is measured in microseconds because the events that shape each pulse, how fast the field rises and how fast it falls, happen in a tiny fraction of a second. Rise time, fall time, and pulse width are all reported in microseconds, and slew rate is reported in Gauss per microsecond, so a shorter time in microseconds means a faster, sharper change in the field. One microsecond (µs) equals 0.000001 second, and one thousand microseconds make one millisecond.
Millitesla (mT)
A millitesla is one thousandth of a Tesla, a metric unit of magnetic flux density. It appears in our reports as a familiar companion to Gauss, so the same field strength reads in both units at a glance. Field strength is reported in Gauss with a millitesla value shown alongside it, and stronger fields are shown in Tesla rather than millitesla to keep the number small. One millitesla (mT) equals 10 Gauss, and 1,000 millitesla make one Tesla (T), so 600 Gauss is 60 mT and 15,000 Gauss is 1.5 T.
Oscilloscope
A test instrument that captures and displays electrical waveforms as voltage over time. In PEMF device testing, an oscilloscope measures the voltage waveform across the coil or a sense resistor during a pulse. From that waveform, rise time, fall time, pulse width, duty cycle, frequency, and waveform shape are derived.
Pancake Coil
A disc-shaped coil wound in a spiral, often with multiple layers of windings stacked on top of each other. The layered turns reinforce each other, producing a strong, focused magnetic field that projects outward from the face of the coil. Field strength peaks at the center and drops off toward the edges, making it well suited for targeted application to a specific area. The field is delivered by placing the coil face against or near the target tissue. Identified by a peak at or near the center.
Peak Field Strength
The highest field strength an accessory produces, measured in Gauss at its surface. Its exact location is set by the coil geometry, and it is the reference against which percentage falloff is measured.
PEMF (Pulsed Electromagnetic Field)
A technology that delivers time-varying electromagnetic pulses to the body at specific frequencies and intensities. Unlike static magnets, PEMF creates dynamic fields that induce microcurrents in tissue according to Faraday's law of induction. These induced currents are proposed to interact with cellular membrane potential, ion transport, and metabolic activity. PEMF is used as a wellness modality, commonly for recovery, circulation, and general wellbeing. Devices range from low-intensity systems for surface and wellness use to high-intensity systems built for deeper reach.
Penetration Depth
How far the coil's field reaches from the accessory before it fades to the reporting edge. The report measures this as the distance from the accessory surface to the furthest point the field stays above 5 Gauss, a measurement reference rather than a biological cutoff. At the low frequencies a PEMF device uses, the body is largely transparent to the magnetic field, so how far the field reaches is set by the coil's geometry and the strength of the pulse, not by the field pushing through a tissue barrier. The 3D field view shows the volume of space the field reaches above the accessory, with the 5 Gauss edge as its outer boundary and inner boundaries marking the strongest zones, each a fraction of the surface peak. The measurement is taken in open air directly above the accessory. A larger coil or a higher peak field keeps the field above a usable level farther from the surface.
Pulse Width (µs)
Duration of one pulse, expressing how long the field stays at significant strength per cycle. Longer pulse widths deliver more cumulative field exposure. Duty cycle is simply pulse width divided by the full period. Measurement depends on the device topology. For monopolar pulses (a single excursion from baseline), it's the time between the 50% amplitude crossings on the leading and trailing edges. For bipolar damped-sine bursts (loop coils driven by capacitor discharge that ring through multiple cycles), it's the full burst-on duration. That's measured from the first sample above 10% of dominant amplitude to the last, so duty cycle reflects burst-on time rather than a single carrier half-cycle.
Ring Frequency
The natural oscillation rate of a coil's circuit after each pulse fires, similar to how a struck bell rings at its own pitch. For bipolar damped-sine devices like large loop coils driven by capacitor discharge, this ringing appears as a fast tone inside each burst. It's separate from the slower pulse repetition rate. Set by the coil's inductance and parasitic capacitance (f equals 1 divided by 2 pi times the square root of L times C). Typically a few kHz for PEMF loop coils. Reported alongside Frequency in per-setting parameter tables when the waveform is a damped sine.
Rise Time
How quickly the magnetic field reaches its peak strength during a pulse. Faster rise time means a sharper pulse edge and stronger tissue stimulation. This is one of the most important pulse characteristics for effectiveness. Measured as the 10%-to-90% transition time of the magnetic field pulse, typically captured with an oscilloscope.
Slew Rate (G/µs)
How rapidly the magnetic field strength changes during a pulse edge. A higher slew rate means a sharper, more abrupt field change. That induces stronger electric fields in tissue. Each pulse has a rising edge and a falling edge, and the slew rate of each is reported separately because many devices ramp up and down at different speeds. Both contribute to cumulative dose (see Total Stimulation Intensity). It is measured across the fast middle of the edge, from the 10% level to the 90% level, as the field change divided by the time between those two points. That is the same way an oscilloscope gauges edge speed. Expressed in Gauss per microsecond (G/µs). The rising-edge slew rate is the same physical quantity as Peak dB/dt, framed as an engineering performance metric rather than a safety threshold.
Tesla (T)
An alternative unit of magnetic flux density. 1 Tesla = 10,000 Gauss. See Gauss (G). Tesla is commonly used in clinical and scientific literature, so knowing the conversion helps when comparing PEMF devices across different sources. Most PEMF accessories operate in the milliTesla (mT) range.
Tesla per second (T/s)
A unit for how fast a magnetic field changes, used by safety standards to describe slew rate and Peak dB/dt. It captures the speed of the field change, which is what the body responds to, rather than how strong the field gets. Reports show this speed in Gauss per microsecond (G/µs) for engineering and in Tesla per second (T/s) for the regulatory frame the ICNIRP and IEC 60601-2-33 limits use, where 1 G/µs equals 100 T/s.
Therapeutic Core
The zone of the magnetic field where strength is above 50% of the peak value. This is the region of highest therapeutic relevance, where the field is strong enough to deliver meaningful energy to tissue. The Therapeutic Core Flux metric quantifies the total magnetic flux within this zone.
Thermal Load
How much heat the coil continuously produces during operation. This determines whether the accessory needs cooling and affects how long sessions can safely run. Higher thermal load means more energy is wasted as heat instead of becoming magnetic field. Expressed as average power dissipation in milliwatts (mW), calculated from coil resistance and current.
Tolerance
The allowable deviation from a specified nominal value in a component or measurement. In electronics, every resistor, capacitor, and inductor is manufactured within a tolerance range, typically ±10% to ±30%. The actual value may differ from the labeled value by that percentage. In PEMF devices, component tolerances directly affect output field strength, pulse timing, and frequency accuracy. A capacitor rated 100uF ±10% may measure anywhere from 90uF to 110uF, shifting resonant frequency and peak Gauss output accordingly.
Total Effective Flux
The total magnetic flux integrated across the coil area, from center to the coil boundary (or the 10% falloff boundary if the coil diameter isn't specified). Expressed in milliweber (mWb). This is the widest flux zone and represents all magnetic energy delivered within the coil's physical area. In the Flux Distribution chart, this is the top bar. Therapeutic Core Flux and High-Intensity Flux are both subsets of Total Effective Flux.
Total Stimulation Intensity
A cumulative dose metric capturing how much stimulation a PEMF device delivers to tissue each second. It counts both the rising and falling edges of every pulse. The body responds to field change, so each pulse delivers two induction events: one as the field rises and one as it falls. Total Stimulation Intensity adds them up and multiplies by how often the pulse fires. Calculated as (rise slew + fall slew) x frequency, expressed in G/µs·Hz. Higher values mean more cumulative biological stimulus per second. Distinct from Peak dB/dt, the single sharpest moment within one pulse.
Z-Axis
The depth dimension pointing into the body, describing how deep the field reaches. Readings are taken on horizontal planes at set depths along it; z=0 is the coil surface itself, the reference every height value in the report is measured above.